T helper type (Th1/Th2) responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) virus: From cytokines produced to immune responses.

Cytokines produced by T helper cells (Th cells) have essential roles in the body's defense against viruses. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are essential for the host defense toward intracellular pathogens while T helper type 2 (Th2) cells are considered to be critical for the helminthic parasites' elimination swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus, a disease led to an epidemic in 2009 and rapidly spread globally via human-to-human transmission. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in 2020 and is a serious threat to the public health. Pulmonary immunopathology is the leading cause of death during influenza and SARS-CoV-2 epidemics and pandemics. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 cause high levels of cytokines in the lung. Both inadequate levels and high levels of specific cytokines can have side effects. In this literature review article, we want to compare the Th1 and Th2 cells responses in SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1.

SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a systematic review.

After the emergence of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease in P. R. China, this highly contagious disease has been currently spread out to almost all countries, worldwide. Novel 2019 coronavirus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome are reported to cause a higher risk for severe infections in patients with chronic comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes. These severe infections can contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in these patients. In the present review, we discussed the role and underlying mechanisms of the two most common chronic diseases, type-2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, in clinical manifestations and disease severity of novel 2019 coronavirus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome, with the hope to provide evidence for better decision-making in the treatment of this vulnerable population.